北京地区SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5变化特征的城郊对比分析

2006-01-01～2006-12-31在北京上甸子区域大气本底站和城区宝联环境观测站连续观测了SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5的浓度,分析了北京城区和郊区的季节变化及日变化的差异,并结合风向讨论了城区污染对于大气本底的影响.结果表明,①NOx、SO2浓度在采暖季城郊差异最大,城区是本底的4～6倍,城郊O3有一致的浓度变化.本底站PM2.5在4、5月达到100μg/m3以上,是年平均的2～3倍;②NOx和SO2的日变化在城区表现为双峰型,在09:00前后和22:00前后形成高值,郊区表现为单峰型,在22:00前后出现高值.郊区O3的日变化峰值滞后于城区大约2 h.PM2.5日变化规律表现得较不规则;③西南风条件下本底各污染物浓度明显受城区输送影响而升高,东北风条件下干洁气团的影响比较明显.     

浅议轮胎企业有机废气排放因子

介绍了AP-42、GB27632—2011中轮胎企业有机废气污染物情况,并与轮胎企业有机废气污染物实测数据进行比较分析,探讨了有机废气的排放因子。结果表明轮胎企业有机废气主要来自于炼胶、硫化工序,排放主要污染物为颗粒物、二甲苯、非甲烷总烃和二硫化碳,排放因子可参照AP-42确定。     

太湖流域某市农村生活污水处理工艺的比较研究

农村生活污水处理是中国“十二五”期间农村环境保护工作的重要内容。对太湖流域某市近年来所采用的5种农村生活污水处理工艺的原理进行了分析,对其运行状况进行了长达一年的跟踪监测,就其投资、建设与运行成本和处理效果进行了比较和总结。其中工艺三处理效果最好,但是投资和运行维护费用也相对最高,工艺四虽然具有投资和运行维护方面的优势,但是处理效果较差,工艺一和工艺二具有投资相对较低,运行维护相对简单,处理效果能够满足要求,是比较适合的农村生活污水处理选择。     

Integrating ecosystem services evaluation and landscape pattern analysis into urban planning based on scenario prediction and regression model

ABSTRACT

Urban planning has become a widely concern for minimizing the negative effects of urban expansion on terrestrial ecosystems. We developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness and shortcomings of urban expansion management strategies. A three-step method was applied to Yinchuan Plain in the northwestern of China, including (1) analyzing the relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem service values through mathematical statistics; (2) predicting landscape pattern and ecosystem services change under different scenarios based on cellular automaton model (SLEUTH-3r model); and (3) designing and validating optimized scenario through integrating historical analysis experiments and future multi-comparison suggestions. Results have suggested that landscape composition and configuration can significantly affect regional ecosystem service values, especially the connectivity and shape of landscape. Compact urban growth policy and medium environment protection policy are the appropriate setting for urban expansion plan. Optimization validation of the combined designed scenario implied the reliability of this method. Our results highlighted the significance of integrating application of landscape pattern analysis, ecosystem service value evaluation, model simulation and multi-scenario prediction in urban planning.     

Urbanization in China Based on International Comparison: A Discussion with Two Prevalent Views

Abstract>

Two prevalent views are reviewed on China’s urbanization firstly. Then, this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map, using data of 118 countries or areas. The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually. A further exploration examines China’s urbanization process and economic development over time, which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern. The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development. Actually, China’s urbanization gap appeared during 1985–1995, but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing. The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.     

中日多氯联苯（PCBs）废弃物回收处置技术比较

自上世纪80年代伊始，我国含有多氯联苯的电力电容器等相继进入报废阶段，许多地区采用回收后山洞贮存、地下封存等方式处置，而其他处置方式在我国尚处于初级试验阶段。日本一些企业所采用的多氯联苯处置技术，值得我们学习和借鉴。     

河豚毒素检测技术研究进展

对检测河豚毒素的主要方法包括生物检测方法、理化检测方法、免疫学方法、传感器方法进行了介绍,并对目前检测方法的优缺点进行比较分析。小鼠测定法是河豚毒素检测的标准方法;理化检测法方法准确,但是对设备要求高,前处理严格;免疫学方法费用较高;传感器方法是新方法,还有待进一步规范。各种检测方法都有其优缺点,河豚毒素检测时应根据要求选择方法。     

我国饮用水卫生标准的变化与发展探讨

通过对我国新旧《生活饮用水卫生标准》和国外饮用水卫生标准的差别比较,结合对国际上发达国家的饮用水卫生标准发展趋势的探讨;表明新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)更具先进性,与国际标准接轨;同时其可操作性更强,又与我国国情贴近。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.